Dilwara Jain Temples
Dilwara Temples are one of the finest Jain temples & many even
consider them architecturally superior to the Taj Mahal.
*Built between 11th & 13th century, the most outstanding feature
are its exquisite carvings in marble.
The two temples Vimala Vasahi & Luna Vasahi are singled out by
experts as superb examples of architecture.
¤ Dilwara Temples - An Architectural Marvel
Mount Abu's chief claims to fame are the Jain temples architecture at
Dilwara, about 5km from Nakki lake. The Dilwara temples were built
during the age of Jain supremacy and are one of the finest Jain
temples India has to offer. Many experts consider them architecturally
superior to the Taj Mahal. The architecture is marked by carvings that
are not just ethereally beautiful in form but are often presented in a
highly poetic context. For instance, one of the marble nayikas
(maidens) is depicted as having just emerged from her bath. Droplets
falling from her long hair are shown being drunk by a swan sitting by
her feet.
¤ Exquisite Temple Carvings
Perhaps the most outstanding feature of Jain temple architecture is
its carvings. and that is an understatement. Wherever one looks, be it
pillars, ceilings, walls and floors, Jain temples go to the extreme –
and beyond it – when it comes to adorning their temples with the
very stone they work with. Jain mythology, saints, gods and goddesses,
monks, devotees or just good old religious motifs all find their way
in a spectacular rendezvous in marble and rock. Each nook and corner
of Jain temples are so diligently carved that it’s a wonder that
the edifice was created out of plain stone. Carving is perhaps not the
right word for Jain temples – chiselling would be more
appropriate. Their fragile delicacy merged with an architectural
lexicon is what constitues the basis of these amazing temples. Simply
put, there is not an inch where one can place his hand and not
encounter a spectacular frieze.
¤ The Methodology of Carving
In the temples in Mount Abu even chiseling was put aside, and artisans
adopted the sedulous task of thinning the marble into carved images, a
worth noticing architectural splendor. This was done by gently
scraping away the surface till a figure eventually emerged, so
intricate and fine that it was intelligibly magnificent. This is the
reason why the temples in Mount Abu and Ranakpur are said to be the
finest Jain temples in the world.
¤ Marvelous Architecture Splendor
The architectural vocabulary of the region included ornamental
rendering of flowers and creepers. The portrayal of Yakshini
Chakreshwari, the attendant deity of Adinatha (first Jain saint) is an
integral part of the temple. Keeping with the prevailing aesthetic
norms the figures have sharp facial features set in broad faces and
narrow waists. The intricately sculpted arches here are of two types;
one with regular wavy undulations and the other, which is seen in the
Vimala Vasahi, with exaggerated curves. Two of these temples have been
singled out by many experts as outstanding. These are the Vimala
Vasahi built in 1031-32AD and Luna Vasahi built in 1230.
¤ Vimala Vasahi Temple
This Jain temple was built by Vimala Shah (variously described as a
merchant and a minister of the Solanki ruler of Gujarat) to atone for
his sins. This temple, dedicated to the first Jain tirthankar
(fordmaker) Adinatha, involved a work force of 2,700 men and took a
total of 14 years to complete at an exuberant cost, a worth noticing
specimen of architectural splendor. Prithvipala, a descendant of
Vimala, is also known to have added to the magnificent temple in
1150AD. The temple of Vimala is supposed to the oldest and the most
`complete’ example of Jain temple architecture. The rather simple
façade hides an amazingly beautiful interior.
¤ The Gateway
The entrance to the temple is from the east through a domed porch
which leads to a six-pillared pavilion with a three-tiered smosan (a
conventional representation of the holy mountain of the Jains) in the
center. The smosan is surrounded by 10 statues including that of the
founder Vimala and his family, each seated on a beautiful elephant
chiseled out of a single block of white marble, about four feet high.
These representations are now badly defaced, having been destroyed by
plundering zealots.
¤ The Shrine of Jina Adinatha
From the pavilion one passes into a secluded courtyard. Here the
temple resolves itself into a colonnade which forms an open arcade
containing the shrine. Seated in the center of this shrine is the
cross-legged seated figure Jina Adinatha, to whom the temple is
dedicated. The entire interior architecture is leniently covered with
elaborate carvings, but the splendour of the domed ceiling of this
hall is what sets it apart from all others. Percy Brown, in his book
Indian Architecture: Buddhist and Hindu Period, details the profusion
of imagery that went into this ornate ceiling: "This dome is
built up of 11 concentric rings, five of which, interposed at regular
intervals, depict patterns of figures and animals…The lowest
contain the forefronts of elephants, their trunks intertwined, as many
as a 150 of these in close ranks. A few mouldings above is another
border representing images in nichés, also repeated many times,
and again over that a similar course of dancing figures. This is
followed higher up in the concavity by a series of horsemen, finishing
in the topmost storey with more figures engaged in an endless dance.
Between these various figured courses are ornamental repeats,
gradually becoming more pronounced until towards the apex they
culminate in a grouping of pendants not like festoons of foliage
suspended from the high trees of a forest." Superimposed upon all
this, athwart the outer concentric rings, are 16 brackets that easily
catch the eye. Each of these is a female figure, representing a
Vidyadevi, or goddess of knowledge.
¤ Luna Vasahi Temple
The temple of Luna Vasahi dedicated to the 22nd Jain saint Neminath,
was built two centuries later by two brothers, Tejpala and Vasupala.
The inscription in this temple, however, ascribes its erection and
endowment to Tejpalaa in memory of his brother. The inscription
records that it was consecrated in 1230AD. This temple, though
slightly smaller than Vimala Vasahi, illustrates further efflorescence
of the style, accompanied by a richer elaboration of decorations. The
doorways are framed by ornate bases, and the eight pillars of the
assembly hall are loftier and of different types. In some places the
marble is so finely carved that it seems translucent. The highlight is
again the ceiling with magnificently carved figures of dancers,
animals, mythological figures and processions of horsemen. From the
center of the ceiling hangs a clustered and finely carved marble
pendant. It is said that its artisans were told to make the pendant
the only one of its kind, and were offered the weight of their marble
shavings in gold. The more intricately they chiseled out the marble
the more weight the scales got, making the artisans richer with each
shaving.
¤ Other Temple Attractions
There are two other temples in the complex, dedicated to Parshavantha
and Adinatha. The Chaumukha temple, built in 1459, is the tallest and
is notable for its pillared mandapa (hall). The Sri Risha Deoji temple
is unfinished and has a huge 4.3 ton brass statue of a saint made of
panchadhatu (five metals – gold, silver, brass, copper and zinc).
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